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#
| µm |
|
Micron or 0.000001 of a metre |
| µPa |
|
1µPa is equal to 0.000001 Pascal (microPascal) |
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A
|
Abstraction |
|
The removal of water from a ‘source of supply’, such
as a river, lake or groundwater. More specifically, abstraction
is defined by Section 221(i) of the Water Resources Act 1991 as
“the doing of anything whereby any of that water is
removed from that source of supply, whether temporarily
or permanently, including anything whereby the water is
so removed for the purpose of being transferred to
another source of supply" |
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Acceleration |
|
The rate of change of velocity measured
in metres/second/second (m/s2) in metric. Acceleration
can be measured using accelerometers which give an
electrical charge proportional to the acceleration of
the body. However, these are expensive and are subject
to effects of wind and temperature etc. and so are not
really suitable for frequent external monitoring in poor
conditions |
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| After Use |
|
Defined in MPG7 as: “the ultimate
use, after mineral working, for agriculture, forestry,
amenity (including nature conservation), industrial or
other development” |
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| Aftercare |
|
Defined in MPG7 as: “any subsequent
operations […following restoration…] that involve
bringing the land to the required standard for any
subsequent use of land e.g. agriculture, forestry or
amenity. Such operations may include planting,
cultivating, fertilising, watering, draining or
otherwise treating the land” |
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| Aggregate |
|
Aggregate Granular or particulate material, either naturally
occurring (sand and gravel) or produced by crushing (crushed
rock) which, when brought together in a bound (with cement, lime
or bitumen) or unbound condition, is used in construction to
form part or whole of a building or civil engineering structure.
Also referred to as ‘construction aggregates’ and used mainly as
concrete, mortar, roadstone, asphalt or drainage courses, or for
use as constructional fill or railway ballast |
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| Aggregate
mineral |
|
Naturally-occurring material suitable
for aggregate uses. For example, sand and gravel,
crushed rock and stone |
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| Aggregates
Levy |
|
The Aggregates Levy is applied to primary sales
of aggregates. The Aggregates Levy is currently set at £1.60 per
tonne, but this will increase to £1.95 per tonne from 1 April
2008 |
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| Agri-environment
scheme |
|
A government scheme that pays farmers to
protect and enhance the environment through their management of
land.
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| Air
safeguarding zone |
|
A 13km radius circle surrounding
all major civil and military aerodromes in England
within which Local Planning Authorities must consult
aerodrome authorities over any development which has the
potential to increase the risk of a bird striking an
aircraft |
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| ALSF |
|
Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund |
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| AM Survey |
|
The Aggregate Mineral Survey is a
voluntary survey of aggregate production and reserves
undertaken every four years. The results of the survey
are vital for monitoring and developing planning policy
for the supply of aggregates in both England and Wales |
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| Ambient
Dust |
|
The existing level of dust in the air
in the surroundings |
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| Ambient
Noise |
|
The existing noise levels before an operation
starts. Can be considered the background noise |
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| ANFO |
|
Bulk explosive comprising a mixture of Ammonium Nitrate prills
and Fuel Oil. Can be mixed by hand or by bulk mixer |
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| Anisotropy |
|
The extent to which the properties of a
material vary in different directions (e.g. the
permeability of a rock or sediment will often be much
higher in horizontal directions than vertically) |
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| AOMBs |
|
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty |
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Apportionment |
|
The splitting of regional aggregate
supply guidelines for minerals demand between planning
authorities or sub regions |
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| Aquifer |
|
defined in the Water Framework
Directive as “a subsurface layer or layers of rock
or other geological strata of sufficient porosity and
permeability to allow either a significant flow of
groundwater or the abstraction of significant quantities
of groundwater” (see also Principal Aquifer
and Secondary Aquifer) |
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Archaeology |
|
the study of ancient cultures by the
scientific analysis of physical remains |
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| Areas of
Search |
|
These are broader areas Preferred Areas
or Specific Sites where knowledge of mineral resources
may be less certain, but within which planning
permissions for particular sites could be granted to
meet any shortfall in supply if suitable applications
are made |
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| Artic |
|
Articulated lorry |
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| Artificial
Recharge |
|
Recharge of groundwater by artificial
means – e.g. by discharging abstracted water into a
recharge feature or recharge
well system |
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Attenuation |
|
Reduction of the rate of flow of surface water
(particularly during flood conditions) or groundwater. Also
applies in the context of contaminants (e.g. attenuation of
chemicals within the unsaturated zone or hyporheic zone) |
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| Attrition |
|
The wearing or rocks by shear contact |
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B
| BAA |
|
British Aggregates Association. Trade
Association representing the smaller quarry operators |
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| Background Dust |
|
The existing level of dust in the air
in the surroundings |
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| Balancing Pond |
|
A constructed water storage facility
which receives incoming surface run-off and discharges
that water at a slower rate, thereby attenuating the
rate of flow into a receiving watercourse to reduce the
risk of flooding downstream |
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| Baseflow |
|
That component of surface water flow in
streams and rivers that is sustained purely by the
discharge of groundwater within the surface water
catchment |
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| Baseline
Monitoring |
|
Measurement and monitoring of the physical,
chemical and/or |
|
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| Bench Height |
|
The vertical distance between the
surface of one excavation bench and the surface of an
adjacent one |
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| Benthic |
|
Pertaining to the base of a water body
(e.g. lake or ocean), the sediments that are found there
and the various forms of aquatic life which dwell on or
within those sediments |
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| Best and most versatile agricultural
land |
|
The land which is most flexible,
productive and efficient in response to inputs and which
can best deliver future crops for food and non food
uses. Defined as Grades 1, 2 and 3a in the Agricultural
Land Classification (ALC) system by policy guidance |
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| BGS |
|
British Geological Survey |
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| Biodiversity
Action Plan |
|
Action plan containing actions and
targets for conservation of nationally and locally important
habitats and wildlife. |
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| Biodiversity |
|
Biological diversity. The variety of
life in all its forms, levels and combinations. Includes
ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic
diversity |
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| Biofuels |
|
A fuel derived from biomass. For transportation uses
biofuels include biodiesel and bioethanol |
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| Bird strike |
|
A collision between a bird and an
aircraft. Can be a threat to aircraft safety |
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| Blasting |
|
The breaking of solid rock into smaller
fragments by the use of explosives. This enables the
product to be fed into crushers or other sizing
equipment for further treatment |
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| Borrow pit |
|
A site for the extraction of aggregate
minerals over a limited period, for exclusive use in a
specific construction project, which will usually be
close to or contiguous with the site |
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| Bound applications |
|
Applications for aggregates and minerals such
as controlled low strength materials, masonry products, asphalt
and asphalt surface treatments, hydraulically bound mixtures and
mortar |
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| Brownfield site |
|
Land previously developed for urban,
industrial, military or infrastructure purposes or which
has been damaged by previous use |
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| Bund |
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An embankment or linear mound of
material (usually overburden) that is used to restrict
the noise or visual impacts that may otherwise be
associated surface mineral workings |
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| Burden |
|
This is the distance between blast holes in the direction
of the free face. The distance between the first row of holes
and the free face is sometimes known as the Front Burden |
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| By-product |
|
A production residue that is not waste (according to
the Interpretative Communication on waste and by-products) |
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C
| CAPEX |
|
Capital expenditures (CAPEX) are expenditures creating
future benefits. See operating expenditures (OPEX) |
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| Catchment |
|
The area from which water drains
towards a specified point. The surface water catchment
and groundwater catchment relating to the same point may
encompass different areas |
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| Catchment
Abstraction |
|
A policy mechanism used by the Environment
Agency in England & Wales |
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| CFD |
|
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is
one of the branches of fluid dynamics that uses
numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze
problems that involve fluid flows |
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| cGAP |
|
A geodiversity action plan of a mineral
extraction company (GAP) (q.v.) |
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| Characterisation |
|
biological parameters which characterise a
system or subsystem (such as a local water catchment),
undertaken before the commencement of any development or
operations (such as quarrying or water abstraction) which could
give rise to changes in one or more of those parameters. Some of
the parameters (e.g. topographic features) may be relatively
static, prior to development, whilst others (e.g. streamflow)
may be dynamic, necessitating a
programme of monitoring over time to establish both
‘average’ conditions and the ‘typical’ range of
variation. The ‘baseline conditions’ assessed by such
monitoring form a basis for assessing the nature and
magnitude of any subsequent changes, as revealed by
further operational (or
post-operational) monitoring data |
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| Charrette |
|
A planning and/or design
workshop/consultation process usually extending over
several days and involving as many stakeholders as
possible |
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| CLG |
|
Communities and Local Government.
Government department responsible (amongst other things)
for minerals planning guidance |
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| Comminution |
|
The process of breaking into small
fragments, bringing about a reduction of particle size |
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| Conceptual model |
|
A written and/or diagrammatic
explanation or representation of a system based on a
synthesis of available information. It may be purely
qualitative or partly quantified. In the context of this
report a quantitative conceptual model of the local
water cycle is an essential starting point for the
assessment of potential impacts of quarrying on the
local groundwater and surface water regimes, water
features and associated ecosystems. It should form the
basis of more sophisticated analytical solutions or
numerical models where these are appropriate and
necessary (which will not always be the case) and may be
used in the design of both quarrying proposals and
mitigation measures to ensure that potential impacts are
minimised and/or adequately controlled |
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| Conduit Flow |
|
a type of Fissure Flow in which groundwater
movement takes place almost entirely along open (often
solution-widened) channels and discontinuities within the rock.
It occurs typically (but not only) in karstic aquifers |
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| Cone crusher |
|
A cone crusher consists of a main
vertical shaft with a conical head (known as the convex
or head) and an inverted cone (known as the bowl or
concave) that sits over it. Cone crushers operate a
continuous crushing cycle, with crushing taking place in
the chamber 100% of its operating time |
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| Cone of depression |
|
A roughly conical depression in the water
table or piezometric surface around a groundwater abstraction
well or sump, caused by the localised reduction in
groundwater pressure induced by pumping. In practice,
the anisotropic nature of most aquifers mean that the
depression is irregular in form, rather than precisely
conical, and is thus more commonly referred to as a zone
of dewatering influence (or simply
a ‘zone of influence’) |
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| Conservation
management |
|
Land management to ensure important
habitats and species present at a site are supported and
encouraged |
|
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| Controlled low
strength materials (CLSM) |
|
Self-compacting, low strength, cementitious materials used primarily as backfill in
lieu of compacted fill |
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| Conveyance
Capacity |
|
The capacity of a river channel and/or
its associated floodplain to convey water |
|
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| Core drill
|
|
A core drill is a drill specifically designed to
remove a cylinder of material from the ground. The material left
inside the drill bit is referred to as the core. Core drills are
used frequently in mineral exploration where the coring may be
several hundred to several thousand feet in length. The core
samples are recovered and examined by geologists for mineral
percentages and stratigraphic contact points |
|
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| Correlation
Coefficient |
|
This is a measure of the degree to
which two variables are related by a simple linear
relationship. With blasting, the variables are the log
values of PPV and Scaled Distance. A value of 1 gives a
perfect relationship and a value of 0 gives no
relationship |
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| County Geology
Site |
|
An alternative name for a RIGS (q.v.) |
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| Coupling |
|
Attaching the transducer to the ground
or foundation in such a way as to ensure there is no
jumping or slipping which would mean the recordings
would not reflect the true ground motion |
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| Crusher |
|
A device for breaking rock in which the
components contacting the rock follow a controlled
pattern. Crushing is one of the most critical operations
in the aggregate process |
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| Crushing |
|
The breaking of run of mine rock to
reduce its size for further processing to suit customer
requirements. See also Crusher |
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| CSS |
|
Closed side setting. The product outlet
size from a crusher chamber is defined by its closed
side setting. This is the point where the crushing
surfaces are the closest together at the product
discharge outlet. See also open side setting (OSS) |
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| Cyclone |
|
Conical classifying device. Material is fed in as a pulp
or slurry in water (see hydrocyclone) or as dry particles in
air. The centrifugal force as the material is swept
round the device separates particles of different
density or size |
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