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D
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dB |
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Decibels is a measure of sound pressure
expressed on a logarithmic scale relative to the lowest
sound the human ear can detect (P0 = 2 x 10-5 Pa) and is
given as dB = 20 log10(P/P0) where P is the pressure in
Pascals. The response of the ear to sound levels is
logarithmic with a change of 1dB being the same
perceived change at any level. A 1dB change is only
perceivable under controlled conditions |
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dB(A) |
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This is short for decibel(A-weighting).
It is a measure of sound pressure which has been
weighted to reflect the way that a human ear responds |
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| dB(Lin) |
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This is short for decibel(Linear) but
is often abbreviated to dB. It is the name given to the
absolute measure of pressure, to differentiate it from
weighted measures such as dB(A), which is modified to
reflect the way a human ear responds. As it is the real
air overpressure which may cause damage from a blast, it
is the dB(Lin) which is measured and recorded |
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| Decibels |
|
Decibels is a measure of sound pressure
expressed on a logarithmic scale relative to the lowest
sound the human ear can detect (P0 = 2 x 10-5 Pa) and is
given as dB = 20 log10(P/P0) where P is the pressure in
Pascals. The response of the ear to sound levels is
logarithmic with a change of 1dB being the same
perceived change at any level. A 1dB change is only
perceivable under controlled conditions |
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| Decked
Charge (decking) |
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A blast borehole is deck charged when
the explosive column is divided into 2 or more separate
units, divided by drill material or air bags which form
the decking. These separate units can be fired on
different delays to reduce the MIC |
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| DEFRA |
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Department for Food and Rural Affairs.
Government department responsible for (amongst other
things) environmental protection through the Environment
Agency |
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| DEM |
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The term discrete element method (DEM)
is a family of numerical methods for computing the
motion of a large number of particles like molecules or
grains of sand. The method was originally applied to
problems in rock mechanics |
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| Derogation |
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In general: to make something worse.
More specifically, in relation to licensed water
abstractions, the term refers to the effect of one (or a
series of) new water abstraction(s) on another persons
protected rights, which prevents them from abstracting
water to the extent authorised on their licence |
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| Detonator |
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A device for initiating main explosive
charge during blasting. Both electric and non-electric
detonators can be used |
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Development Plan |
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A statutory plan, prepared by a local
planning authority, which sets out the policies and site
allocations that will guide planning decisions on future
development proposals |
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| Dewatering |
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The localised lowering of groundwater
levels, usually by means of groundwater abstraction, to
enable activities such as construction and mineral
extraction to continue below the level of the natural
water table |
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| DfT |
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Department for Transport |
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| DGB |
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Discrete grain based breakage models
simulate the behaviour of a mineral material as a matrix
of discrete grains that can store strain energy when the
mineral matrix is subject to an external force |
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| DGPS |
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Differential Global Positioning Systems |
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Displacement |
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The amount of movement measured in
metres (m) in metric. Displacement of the ground is hard
to measure for ground vibration as there is no stable
reference point against which to measure the movement |
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Dissolution |
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The process by which water (or any
other solvent), dissolves solid, liquid or gaseous
material to create a solution of that material |
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| Down
gradient |
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In the direction of decreasing
hydraulic head (the direction in which
groundwater will normally tend to flow) |
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| Downhole
Geophysics |
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Geophysical techniques
that may be used to log an open borehole or well for
which the original drilling logs are either inadequate
or no longer available, or to provide additional
geophysical information on the properties of the strata
encountered |
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| Drainage
Basin |
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A surface water catchment |
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| Drawdown |
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The extent to which the water table has
been lowered by dewatering (i.e. the vertical distance
between the original water table or piezometric surface
and the surface of the cone of depression at a given
point) |
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| Drilling |
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Penetration of soil or rock by machine
rotary or percussion drill for sampling or blasting
operations |
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| Drying |
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The removal of water from a product by
heating or use of a filter press |
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| DTM |
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Digital thematic map |
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| Dust |
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BS 6069 (Part 2) defines dust as
particulate matter less than 63 microns in diameter.
Dust is also the generic term used to describe
particulate matter which, although it may be found
resting on the ground or other surfaces as solid matter,
is capable of becoming airborne to disperse in the
atmosphere prior to returning to surface. In
construction work it can be applied to the 3mm (less
than 3mm) rock product. The term is also used to
describe larger particles resting on the ground or other
surfaces that can become airborne to disperse in the air
before returning to the surface |
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| Dynamic
Equilibrium |
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The state of a system or sub-system in
which time-averaged inputs equal time averaged outputs
and in which, as a consequence, the average levels of
storage within the system (e.g. groundwater levels
within an aquifer) remain constant with time. See also
Steady State |
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E
| Ecological
Status |
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An essential measure of water quality,
required to be assessed under the Water Framework
Directive. It is classified on the basis of the combined
(cumulative) effects of: biological parameters (numeric
measures of communities of phyto-plankton,
macropyhtes and animals; physico-chemical
parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD,
salinity and nutrient levels); and hydro-morphological
parameters (including channel morphology,
sedimentology and flow regime) |
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| Ecology |
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The scientific study of the
distribution and abundance of living organisms, of
interactions among organisms, and of interactions
between organisms and their environment.
Ecosystem an interactive system established within and
between a group of living creatures and the environment
in which they live |
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| Ecosystem |
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An interactive system established
within and between a group of living creatures and the
environment in which they live |
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| EIA |
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Environmental Impact Assessment.
Process for predicting and assessing the potential
environmental and social impacts of a proposed project,
evaluating alternatives and designing appropriate
preventative, mitigation, management and monitoring
measures |
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| ELS |
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Entry Level Stewardship – the basic
element of the Environmental Stewardship Scheme (an agri-environment
scheme), which is open to all farmers in England |
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| EM |
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Electromagnetic |
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Environment |
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The external conditions, resources,
stimuli etc. with which a living organism interacts.
Except where otherwise stated, the term is generally
used in this report to encompass not only the natural
environment but also the built environment and the
historic environment |
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Environmental Assessment |
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a formal assessment of the potential
impacts of a proposed development on the environment,
carried out on behalf of the applicant in accordance
with the relevant legislation |
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Environmental Statement |
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A document setting out the findings of
an Environmental Assessment and submitted, as required,
in conjunction with an application for a development
consent (e.g. planning permission; periodic review of
planning conditions or water abstraction licence) |
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| Eutrophic |
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The conditions of a water body that
contains high levels of nutrients (e.g. from
agricultural run-off). Eutrophic water bodies are
generally subject to excessive algal blooms, resulting
in murky water and poor water quality |
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Evaporation |
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The process by which water passes from
a liquid to a vapour |
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| Evapo-transpiration |
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The combination of evaporation and
transpiration |
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| Extraction |
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Extraction involves removing material
from the ground and delivering it to a production plant
in a form suitable for processing; it is also referred
to as quarrying. A quarry is any surface working where
minerals are extracted. It may also be referred to as a
surface mine, open pit or opencast mine; as opposed to a
mine, which is defined in the UK as an underground
working |
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F
| FBA |
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Furnace bottom ash |
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| FGD |
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Flu Gas Desulphurisation |
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| Fines
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Material < 0.06 mm (silt-grade material
which often includes clays). Fines are usually present
either as surface coatings or as clay bound agglomerates
that need to be broken down. The fines content of a sand
and gravel deposit is an important parameter in
determining its economic viability. The fines content
should not be greater than 25% for silt; this limit is
lower for clay as it is harder to remove |
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| Fissure Flow |
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The flow of groundwater along
discontinuities (e.g. bedding planes, joints, fractures
and faults) within an aquifer. See also
Inter-granular Flow and Conduit Flow |
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| Flocculant |
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Chemical agents that promote
flocculation, i.e. the process whereby very fine grained
suspended particles within a liquid clump together into
larger particles, which may then either sink or float,
allowing them to be more easily separated from the
liquid |
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| Floodplain |
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Generally flat surface alongside a
stream or river that (in most cases) has been created by
the deposition of river-borne sediments and over which
water flows in times of flood (or would do so but for
the presence of flood defences, where these exist) |
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| Floor heave |
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The upward displacement of strata on
the floor of a quarry as a result of the pressures
exerted by underlying confined groundwater, following
the removal (or partial removal) of previously confining
strata |
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| Flyrock |
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Flyrock is the name given to fragments
of rock propelled into the air by the explosions |
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| Fragmentation |
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Primary Fragmentation: The breaking of
solid rock into smaller fragments by the initial blast
in a mine or quarry so that the bulk of the material is
small enough to transport |
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| Framework (LDF) |
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Comprises a portfolio of Local
Development Documents (LDDs) setting out the spatial
strategy for the area. Some of the LDDs are statutory
Development Plan Documents (DPDs), whilst others are
not. The DPDs must include a Core Strategy, which sets
out the spatial planning vision for the area; a Site
Allocations Plan and a Proposals Map. They may also
include more detailed Area Action Plans where these are
needed. Non DPD components of the LDF are required to
include a Development Scheme, setting out the timetable
for implementation, and a Statement of Community
Involvement - a description of how the local planning
authority will involve the public in the development of
the Local Development Framework and planning
applications |
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| Free Face |
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When the first blast takes place, the
only surface is the ground. Once some material has been
excavated, there will then be a vertical surface (or
face) as well, and so the rock now has space to expand
and move in to during subsequent blasts. Ideally blasts
should have two free faces in addition to the surface |
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| Freight Best
Practice |
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The Freight Best Practice programme is
funded by the DfT to promote operational efficiency
within freight operations in England. See
www.freightbestpractice.org.uk |
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| Freight Facilities
Gran |
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A DfT grant scheme providing capital
support to support essential equipment and facilities
such as refurbishing rail sidings, constructing a new
canal wharf or purchasing handling equipment |
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| Freight |
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The transportation of goods/cargo,
normally for commercial purposes |
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| Frequency Response |
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A sensor used to measure vibration will
not have the same sensitivity over the whole range of
frequencies. This variation known as the frequency
response can be determined and taken account of |
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| Frequency Spectra |
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Any vibration, whether it be through
the ground or through the air, can be thought of as a
combination of different amounts of lots of different
individual single frequency vibrations. A single
frequency vibration is termed a sine wave.
www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/superposition/superposition.html |
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| Frequency |
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The speed at which something vibrates,
or how close the waves are to each other. Measured in
the number of cycles per second or Hertz (Hz) |
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Fugitive Dust |
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Dust from an
emission source that enters atmospheric suspension
directly, without passing first through a chimney, stack
or vent, such as windblow from a mineral storage pile |
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| Functional
Floodplain |
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Defined in Planning Policy Statement 25
(PPS25) as land where water has to flow or be stored in
times of flood. It specifically includes washlands (see
below) and is distinguished from other parts of the
floodplain which are protected from flooding (to varying
degrees) by flood defences and other flood risk
management infrastructure |
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