|
P
| Pa (Pascals) |
|
Pascals is a measure of pressure and is
equivalent to Newtons per square metre (N/m2) |
|
|
|
| Palaeo-environmental |
|
Relating to historical or
pre-historical environments that were present in a
particular area and may differ from the current
environment |
|
|
|
| Party
(RAWP) |
|
Facilitate the implementation of the
managed aggregate supply system (in particular by
determining the sub-regional apportionment of national
aggregate supply requirements among individual MPAs). In
Wales, the RAWPs have a slightly different remit,
currently under review |
|
|
|
| Peak
Particle Velocity (PPV) |
|
When a vibration is measured, the point
at which the measurement takes place can be considered
to have a particle velocity. This particle vibration
will take place in three dimensions and will usually end
up back where it started. This type of particle velocity
must not be confused with the velocity with which the
wave moves through the rock. The Peak Particle Velocity
is the maximum velocity which is recorded during a
particular event and can refer to a particular
orientation (vertical or horizontal) or to the maximum |
|
|
|
| PERC |
|
Pan European Reserve Committee |
|
|
|
|
Permeability |
|
A measure of the ease of flow of fluids
through rocks or sediments of various kinds. See
also Hydraulic conductivity - a more specific but
otherwise broadly equivalent term that is used for the
flow of water |
|
|
|
| Permitted
development |
|
ights to carry out certain limited
forms of development without the need to make an
application for planning permission, as granted under
the terms of the Town and Country Planning (General
Permitted Development) Order |
|
|
|
| Permitted
reserves |
|
Mineral deposits with the benefit of
planning permission for extraction |
|
|
|
|
Petrography |
|
The scientific evaluation of the
mineral content and the textural relationships within
rocks |
|
|
|
| PFA |
|
Pulverized-fuel ash |
|
|
|
| Phreatic
Zone |
|
see Saturated Zone |
|
|
|
| Phyto-plankton |
|
Floating, mostly microscopic plants
(algae) that live in water |
|
|
|
| Piezometer
|
|
An instrument for measuring hydraulic
pressure – commonly a tube installed in the ground to
allow the measurement of water level in a specific unit
of the sub-strata |
|
|
|
| Planning
conditions |
|
Requirements attached to a planning
permission to limit or direct the manner in which a
development is carried out |
|
|
|
| Planning
permission |
|
Formal approval sought from a council,
often granted with conditions, allowing a proposed
development to proceed. Permission may be sought in
principle through outline plans, or be sought in detail
through full plans |
|
|
|
| Plans |
|
Agency for each river basin district,
as the principal means of establishing the programmes of
measures required to meet European Water Framework
Directive obligations in England and Wales |
|
|
|
| Plate
presses |
|
Mechanical dewatering devices that
hydraulically compress a filter pack comprising a series
of diaphragms incorporating a porous cloth. A slurry is
fed into the diaphragms under pressure. The filter pack
is then compressed hydraulically expelling excess water
through the cloth and leaving the desired solid material |
|
|
|
| PPG |
|
Planning Policy Guidance. Currently
being replaced by Planning Policy Statements |
|
|
|
| PPS
|
|
Planning Policy Statements Issued by
central Government to replace the existing Planning
Policy Guidance notes, in order to provide greater
clarity and to remove from national policy advice on
practical implementation, which is better expressed as
guidance rather than policy |
|
|
|
|
Precautionary Principle |
|
basis for adopting a cautious
approach to regulating development which may cause
damage to the natural environment. The concept was first
defined as Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration, 1992,
which states: “Where there are threats of serious or
irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty
shall not be used as a reason for postponing
cost-effective measures to prevent environmental
degradation” |
|
|
|
|
Precipitation (atmospheric) |
|
Water which falls to earth from the
atmosphere in the form of rain, hail, sleet, snow or dew |
|
|
|
|
Precipitation (chemical) |
|
The process by which dissolved material
is released from solution to become particles of solid
material |
|
|
|
| Preferred
Area |
|
These are defined as areas of known
resource where planning permission might reasonably be
anticipated providing the proposals are environmentally
acceptable or appropriate conditions can be applied to
mitigate adverse impacts. In practice there may. See
also Specific Sites and Areas of Search |
|
|
|
|
Pre-Operational Monitoring |
|
see Baseline Monitoring |
|
|
|
| Primary
Aggregate |
|
Aggregate produced from
naturally-occurring mineral deposits and used for the
first time |
|
|
|
| Principal
Aquifers |
|
defined by the Environment Agency as
“aquifers which provide significant quantities of
water for human use and must be managed through
licensing of abstractions to prevent over-exploitation.
These aquifers may also sustain rivers, lakes and
wetlands dependent on groundwater”. (Compare
Secondary Aquifers, Significant Drift Aquifers and
Unproductive Strata) |
|
|
|
| Production
Residue |
|
A material not deliberately produced,
which may or may not be a waste (according to the
Interpretative Communication on waste and by-products) |
|
|
|
|
Progressive Restoration |
|
The rehabilitation of parts of a quarry
during on-going quarrying activities in order to speed
up the return of land to other positive uses as part of
the overall rehabilitation/reclamation plan. |
|
|
|
| Pumping
Test |
|
A method of hydrogeological
investigation designed to enable in-situ calculations of
aquifer properties such as permeability and to allow
field observations of the way in which a particular
groundwater system responds to the changes induced by
groundwater abstraction. In England & Wales, such tests
should be undertaken in accordance with BS 6316 Code of
Practice for Test Pumping of Water Wells (1992), and
will require a Section 32 ‘pump test’ consent from the
Environment Agency |
|
|
|
| Purging |
|
The process of removing “stale”
groundwater from a borehole or well prior to sampling
for water quality, to ensure that the sample is
representative of the surrounding groundwater. Purging
three times the borehole’s volume is a commonly accepted
procedure |
|
|
|
|
|
Top |
Q
| QPA |
|
Quarry Products Association, the trade
association which represents some 120 quarry operators,
who together account for more then 90% of the quarried
aggregate materials in Great Britain |
|
|
|
| Quarry
dust |
|
Materials less than 75 μm produced in a
similar manner to quarry fines and as a subset of quarry
fines |
|
|
|
| Quarry
fines |
|
Material less than (about) 6 mm
generated from extraction (overburden removal, drilling
and blasting, loading and hauling), rock preparation
(such as pre-screening and primary crushing and
screening), further processing (secondary, tertiary
comminution stages, screening and treatment) |
|
|
|
| Quarry
scalpings |
|
The coarse, clay contaminated material
produced from pre-screening extracted rock before it is
sent to the primary crusher |
|
|
|
| Quaternary |
|
The most recent period of Earth
history, extending from 2.5 million years ago to the
present day, and comprising an alternating sequence of
relatively warm and relatively cold climatic periods,
the coldest of which resulted in the expansion of ice
sheets and glaciers across much of northern Europe,
including Britain |
| |
|
|
|
|
Top |
R
| RAWP |
|
Regional Aggregate Working Party.
Organisation of Mineral Planning Authorities for each
region of England working with CLG to coordinate the
continued availability of aggregates through the
planning system. |
|
|
|
| Receptor |
|
In the context of environmental impact
assessment, a receptor is anything that might be
affected by environmental changes that are induced by
the proposed development |
|
|
|
| Recharge |
|
The process by which water is added to
groundwater storage within an aquifer (e.g. by natural
precipitation or by artificial recharge), or the amount
of water added to groundwater in a given period |
|
|
|
| Recharge
Features |
|
generally man-made excavations that
allow water abstracted from a quarry to be recharged
back into the aquifer by means of infiltration. Such
features could include abandoned former quarries that
have not been backfilled but, more commonly, they are
purpose-designed trenches or lagoons which have been
excavated through any overburden material and into the
underlying aquifer |
|
|
|
| Recharge
Well Systems |
|
These work in a similar way to recharge
features but, instead of the water infiltrating down
through the unsaturated zone, the water is directly
recharged into the aquifer through either gravel filled
boreholes (borehole soakaways), under gravity, or is
injected under pressure (in the case of injection wells)
via an array of shallow wells |
|
|
|
|
Reclamation |
|
Defined in MPG7 as: “all operations
associated with the winning and working of minerals and
which are designed to return the area to an acceptable
environmental condition, whether for the resumption of
the former land use or for a new use”. It includes
both restoration and aftercare |
|
|
|
| Recycled
Aggregate |
|
Aggregate derived from both
construction waste, for example damaged bricks, and
demolition waste, such as broken concrete, brickwork and
masonry |
|
|
|
| Regional
Assembly |
|
Each of the English regions outside of
London has a regional chamber that the regions generally
call regional assemblies. They are responsible for
developing and co-ordinating a strategic vision for
improving the quality of life in a region. The assembly
is responsible for setting priorities and preparing
certain regional strategies, including regional spatial
strategies. For example, in the north-east of England
the regional planning body is the north-east Regional
Assembly.
|
|
|
|
| Regional
Development Agency |
|
The nine Regional Development Agencies
(RDAs) set up in the English regions are
non-departmental public bodies. Their primary role is as
a strategic driver of regional economic development in
their region. The RDAs aim is to: coordinate regional
economic development and regeneration; enable the
regions to improve their relative competitiveness; and
reduce the imbalances that exist within and between
regions. For example ‘One North East’ in the north-east
of England |
|
|
|
| Regional
Spatial Strategies |
|
Statutory Plans prepared by Regional
Planning Bodies in England |
|
|
|
| Regression
Line |
|
This line defines the best relationship
between variables |
|
|
|
| REPs |
|
Rail Environmental Benefits Procurement
scheme. A DfT grant scheme providing revenue support
based on each movement that is made by rail. This scheme
has replaced the Track Access Grant scheme |
|
|
|
|
Resistivity |
|
Electrical resistivity (also known as
specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how
strongly a material opposes the flow of electrical
current |
|
|
|
|
Restoration |
|
Defined in MPG7 as: “any work
undertaken on completion of (or in parallel with)
quarrying operations, which involve the placement of
subsoils, topsoils or soil-making materials” |
|
|
|
| Resultant
Peak Particle Velocity (RPPV) |
|
Resultant Peak Particle Velocity. As
vibrations take place in 3 dimensions they have to be
measured simultaneously in 3 perpendicular directions.
Each of these can give a PPV, but the 3 recordings can
also be combined to produce a resultant by producing a
vector sum (square root(v2+l2+t2)) where v=vertical,
l=longitudinal, t=transverse) for every point on the
recording (usually 1000) |
|
|
|
| RIGS |
|
Regionally important geological or
geomorphological site. A designated site of importance
for its geological or geomorphological features at the
county or regional level |
|
|
|
| RIGS Group |
|
Organisation with an aim of
identifying, selecting and conserving RIGS (q.v.) |
|
|
|
| River
Basin Management |
|
Statutory Plans prepared on behalf of
Defra by the Environment |
|
|
|
| ROM |
|
Run of Mine: The raw mined quarry
material that is delivered to the primary processing
plant |
|
|
|
|
Rotary Dryer |
|
Machine for
removing moisture from crushed or processed rock by
moving it along a rotating steel cylinder, through which
hot gases or air is passing |
|
|
|
| Roughness |
|
In hydrology, the degree of resistance
offered by the bed and banks of a watercourse, or the
surface of a floodplain, to the conveyance of water. It
is influenced by channel morphology, sinuosity, sediment
characteristics, vegetation and man-made structures |
|
|
|
| RPB |
|
Regional Planning Board |
|
|
|
| RSS |
|
Regional Spatial Strategy. A strategy
for how a region should look in 15 to 20 years time and
possibly longer. It identifies the scale and
distribution of new housing in the region, indicates
areas for regeneration, expansion or sub-regional
planning and specifies priorities for the environment,
transport, infrastructure, economic development,
agriculture, minerals and waste treatment and disposal.
Most former regional planning guidance is now considered
RSS and forms part of the development plan |
|
|
|
| Run-off |
|
The flow of water across the land
surface as a direct consequence of rainfall or snow melt
which has not been able to infiltrate into the ground |
|
|
|
|
|
Top |
|
|
