| SA |
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Sustainability Appraisal |
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| SAFED |
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Safe and Fuel Efficient Driving. A
series of DfT driver development programmes developed
for the drivers of various types of vehicle including
aggregate lorries |
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| SAMP |
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Sustainable Land-Won and Marine Dredged
Aggregate Minerals Programme |
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| SAMs |
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Scheduled Ancient Monument |
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| Sand |
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In civil engineering, sand is the
finest grade of aggregate (see also Particle Size).
Generally, the term sand is used for material between
0.063 mm and 4 mm. For use in asphalt 2 mm is the
dividing point between coarse and fine aggregate. For
use in concreting sand material less than 5 mm is used,
and there are further restrictions on particle size
distribution [BS 882; 1983] |
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| Saturated
Zone |
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The saturated zone (also known as the
Phreatic Zone) encompasses the area below ground and
below the water table in which all interconnected voids
within the strata are completely filled with water |
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| Scaled
Distance |
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Scaled Distance is the parameter which
is related to the level of vibration from a blast. SD =
distance / √MIC, where distance is the distance in
metres from blast to monitoring location and MIC is
Maximum Instantaneous Charge |
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| Screen |
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A portion of a well where the casing is
perforated or slotted to allow direct hydraulic
connection with the surrounding aquifer |
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| Screening
Depths |
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The depth interval within a well that
has a screen. In monitoring wells, especially, there may
be two or more separate screened sections, often with
low permeability (e.g. bentonite) seals in between, so
that the responses of separate aquifer units at
different depths can be monitored (using separate
piezometers in each screened section) |
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| Screening |
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Method of particle size separation
(sizing) by means of a screen (flat sieve-like
structure) of specified aperture. The process is usually
carried out with water, but dry screening is also used
to produce building sand |
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| SEA
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Strategic Environmental Assessment An
environmental assessment of certain plans and
programmes, including those in the field of planning and
land use, which complies with the EU Directive
2001/42/EC. The environmental assessment involves the:
preparation of an environmental report; carrying out of
consultations; taking into account of the environmental
report and the results of the consultations in decision
making; provision of information when the plan or
programme is adopted; and showing that the results of
the environment assessment have been taken into account |
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| Secondary
Aggregate |
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Aggregate which originates as a waste
of other quarrying and mining operations, or from
industrial processes (e.g. colliery waste or mine stone,
blast furnace slag, power station ash, china clay sand,
slate waste, demolition/construction wastes including
road planing's), but excluding chalk and clay/shale
worked primarily for aggregate purposes |
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| Secondary
Aquifers |
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Defined by the Environment Agency as
“aquifers which have significant water resources,
but which also have aquifer properties that limit their
use”. (Compare Principal Aquifers, Significant
Drift Aquifers and Unproductive Strata) |
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| Secondary
fragmentation |
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The breaking of oversize rocks
following primary blasting to enable them to be
transported to the primary crusher. This can be achieved
by the use of explosives, a drop ball, or the use of
hydraulic breakers (hammers or peckers) |
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| Section
106 Agreements |
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Section 106 of the Town and Country
Planning Act 1990 (as amended) allows local planning
authorities (LPAs) to negotiate legal agreements whereby
the developer makes some undertaking if he/she obtains
planning permission. These are known interchangeably as
planning agreements, planning obligations or planning
gain |
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| Sediment
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Particles of material, such as clay,
silt, sand, gravel, boulders or organic fragments which
are either carried by flowing water, ice, wind or mass
movement, or which have previously been carried by such
processes and subsequently deposited |
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Sedimentary |
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Geological deposits and rocks that are
composed of sediment |
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Sedimentology |
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A specialist branch of geology
concerning the scientific study of sediment, sedimentary
deposits and rocks, and the processes involved in their
formation |
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| Seismic
Waves |
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Seismic waves are vibrations which
travel through the ground. The different types can be
divided into to types, those which travel through the
rock (body waves) and those which travel along a
boundary such as the earth's surface (surface waves).
The distance travelled will depend on the size of the
source of vibration (e.g. blast) and the nature of the
rock through which the waves travel.
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Semi-natural habitat |
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A habitat modified to a limited extent
by human activities, but still consisting of species
naturally occurring in the area. The majority of
important habitats remaining in the UK are considered to
be semi-natural as opposed to natural |
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| Settlement
(geotechnics) |
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The lowering of ground level associated
with the compression of soils or fill materials, either
under their own weight or beneath the foundations of
buildings or structures. See also Subsidence |
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| Settlement
/ Siltation |
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The deposition of fine-grained sediment
(silt and clay) on the bed of a surface water body (e.g.
stream, river pond, lake or settlement lagoon) |
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| Settlement
Lagoon / Silt Lagoon |
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A lagoon or pond, usually within a
quarry, in which sediment a lagoon or pond, usually
within a quarry, in which sediment entrained or
suspended within run-off or discharge from the quarry is
allowed to settle out before the water is discharged to
a receiving watercourse or recirculated within the
quarry |
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Significant Drift Aquifers |
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Defined by the Environment Agency as
areas “where significant groundwater resources occur
within the drift overlying unproductive strata”.
(Compare Principal Aquifers, Secondary Aquifers and
Unproductive Strata) |
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| Site
Investigation |
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A term used to encompass all aspects of
the investigation of the physical and geological
characteristics a site, prior to proposed development.
It includes initial desk studies and walk-over surveys,
together with all aspects of ground investigation,
analysis, interpretation and reporting that are needed
to determine the suitability of the site for the
proposed development and/or any ground improvement or
other engineering measures, including foundation design,
that may be necessary |
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| Site
specific advice |
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A DfT ALSF programme funding business
advisors to help aggregate transport operators review
their business and identify an action plan to improve
the efficiency of their operation |
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| SLMs |
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Sensitive Lorry Miles. A DfT
methodology to attribute different levels of economic
and environmental benefits from removing lorry journeys
from different types of road |
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| Smoke |
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BS 6069 (Part 2) defines 'smoke' as
particulate matter that is in the size range 0.001 -
1microns in diameter |
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| Sound
Power Level (SWL) |
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The amplitude (or level) of sound
output from a particular source, measured in decibels
(dB). It can be used to predict the sound level at a
given distance from the source |
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| Sound
Pressure Level (SPL) |
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This can also be referred to as the
sound amplitude and is the pressure exerted by the air.
It is usually measured in microPascals but can be
converted into decibels (dB) |
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| Source of
Supply |
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Defined by Section 221 of the Water
Resources Act 1991 as “any inland waters (other than
‘discrete waters’) or any underground strata in which
water is or at any time may be contained”. Broadly
speaking, most lakes, rivers, streams and groundwater
are therefore considered to be sources of supply.
Individual aquifer units, including those supporting
localised ‘perched’ water tables, may sometimes be
regarded as individual sources of supply |
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| Source
Protection Zone (SPZ) |
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An area defined by the Environment
Agency around the location of an individual groundwater
abstraction source, within which specific groundwater
protection policies apply. A nested hierarchy of three
SPZs are usually defined; the orientation, size and
shape of which are normally determined by modelling the
hydrogeological characteristics surrounding each
individual site |
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| Source |
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See also emission, point source, line
source and area source. The origin of dust emissions |
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| Specific
sites |
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These are areas with viable mineral
resources within which the landowners are willing to
allow mineral development, and in which granting of
planning permission may be more likely to be acceptable
in planning terms than in a Preferred Area, see also
Areas of Search |
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SSSI |
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Site of Special
Scientific Interest. A designated site of national
importance for its geological or biological / wildlife
characteristics. SSSIs have statutory protection |
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Stakeholder |
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Any public or private party
(individual, group or agency) with an interest in or who
could be affected by a piece of land or the proposed
activities connected to any development of that land |
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| Standard
Error |
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There seems to be a lot of variation in
the name given to the parameter which is required here.
The term most often used is Standard Error or Standard
Error of Estimate and actually refers to the square root
of the residual (predicted y minus actual y) mean
square. It has also been referred to as: Standard Error
of Regression, Estimate of Standard Deviation of Error,
Residual Standard Deviation and Root Mean Square Error.
The term Standard Error is more correctly applied to the
standard deviation of the sampling distribution and
should apply to the X variable (gradient) and the
intercept |
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| Steady
state |
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The state of a system or sub-system in
which inputs equal outputs and in which, as a
consequence, there are no changes in storage (e.g.
groundwater levels within an aquifer) with time and no
changes in the magnitude and directions of flow (e.g.
groundwater flow). In practice, all natural systems are
constantly in a state of flux, with temporary
adjustments in both storage and flows to accommodate
natural variations in inputs (e.g. rainfall). Conditions
of approximate steady state (or dynamic equilibrium)
can, however, be said to obtain where the average inputs
and outputs remain reasonably constant over time. With
regard to groundwater modelling, a steady-state model
calculates one set of head levels for an infinite time
step, when all boundary conditions, inputs/outputs and
properties are constant. See also Unsteady State |
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| Stemming |
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Material placed in the top of a blast
hole, overlying the explosive, which prevents all the
explosive energy blowing out of the top of the hole |
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| Sticky Pad |
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An obscuration gauge first described by
Beaman & Kingsbury (1981). In simple terms it is a
square of adhesive paper, three quarters of which is
exposed to the air for deposited dust to adhere to. The
unexposed quarter is used as a reference surface against
which the exposed surface is assessed |
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| Stockpile |
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A storage pile of processed material
within a quarry, awaiting sale |
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Stratigraphy |
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A specialist branch of geology
concerning the scientific study of the age of stratified
(i.e. layered) rocks, and their spatial and temporal
relationships to each other, including correlation from
one area to another |
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| Stream
Augmentation |
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The process whereby water abstracted
from groundwater (usually for the purposes of
dewatering) is used to augment the flow of water within
a stream that would otherwise be adversely affected by
the drawdown of groundwater levels associated with the
abstraction |
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| Structure
(engineering) |
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General term for any engineered feature
designed to support an imposed load (e.g. bridges,
highways, railways, tunnels, buildings, earthworks,
foundations and dams) |
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| Structure
(geology) |
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The physical characteristics of a
geological feature (e.g. bedding, jointing, folds,
faults) which are related to and therefore help to
deduce its geological history |
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| Subsidence |
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The lowering of ground level associated
with any of several mechanisms including: the collapse
of near-surface strata into underlying natural or
man-made cavities; the settlement of compressible soils
or fill material under their own weight or beneath the
weight of a building or structure; the removal of
hydraulic support as a consequence of a reduction in
groundwater levels; or the shrinkage of clays and
organic soils due to a reduction in moisture content |
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| Sub-System |
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Part of a system: in this report the
overall hydrological system is described as being made
up of groundwater, surface water and atmospheric
sub-systems |
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| Succession |
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Changes in the composition or structure
of an ecological community over time, for example
invasion of wetland habitat by scrub leading to the site
eventually supporting woodland and not wetland habitat |
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| Sump |
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A partially water-filled excavation at
the lowest point of a quarry, from which pumping takes
place in order to maintain dry conditions within the
quarry. The water so removed will normally be a
combination of groundwater and surface water (including
incident rainfall within the quarry), the proportions of
each varying considerably from one site to another.
Large quarries may have more than one sump |
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| Surface
Geophysics |
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Non-penetrative geophysical techniques
which enable the properties and characteristics of
sub-surface materials to be assessed without the need
for boreholes or, more commonly, prior to boreholes
being drilled. They can also usefully be employed to
detect variations in sub-surface conditions between
existing boreholes |
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| Surface
Water |
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General term encompassing all water on
the surface of the land, within streams, rivers,
springs, lakes, ponds, canals, ditches, wetlands and
surface reservoirs |
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Sustainable development |
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Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs |
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Sustainable Drainage |
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Drainage systems, comprising both
structures and management |
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Sustainable utilisation of quarry fines |
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The use of quarry fines to their full
potential to meet the needs of the present, while at the
same time conserving natural resources and finding ways
to minimise the environmental impacts associated both
with quarry fines production and use |
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| Systems
(SUDS) |
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Practices, that help to avoid any
increase in flood risk as a consequence of the
development that they are associated with. They normally
involve attenuating surface run-off, by comparison with
conventional drainage systems, and may encourage a
greater degree of infiltration into the ground |
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